JOULE HEATING / PDES
Experiment overview

Controlled heating.
Measurable movement.

See how a simple circuit heats a liquid-metal-coated PDES strip so it contracts under load, and how that movement is recorded and analyzed.

Rendered PDES experiment with metal stand, suspended sample, breadboard, oscilloscope, compact waveform module, and one DC supply
3D model of the apparatus, based on photos of the real setup. Rotate and explore the model ↗
See the sequence

A pulse becomes a contraction.

The command switches instantly, but the sample responds gradually as it heats and cools. Watch the lower clip rise while it heats and drop back as it cools.

Illustration · 0.1 Hz command at 50% duty cycle · movement exaggerated for clarity.

Gate commandCommand LED
Heating command · 5 V10 s cycle
The experiment in brief

Electrical input. Thermal response. Mechanical output.

One DC power supply sends current through the liquid-metal coating, and a function generator tells a MOSFET when to switch that current on and off. The strip heats and contracts, then cools and stretches back out under its hanging mass. A camera records the movement, and the video analysis measures how the length changes.

COMMAND
Function generatorSets the heating and cooling intervals.
SWITCH
MOSFET circuitCompletes or interrupts the current path.
ACTUATE
Coated PDES stripTurns electrical heating into motion.
MEASURE
Camera and analysisTurn video of the movement into strain.
Learning modules

Choose where to begin.

Interactive apparatus

Explore the full simulation.

Open the full 3D experiment in a new tab. Rotate and zoom the apparatus, switch between the whole setup and a close-up of the sample, and follow the simulated heating, contraction and electrical signals.

Use Show settings to change the drive signal, expand the graphs to inspect the signals, or choose Publication view for a clean figure of the apparatus. The motion and numbers are illustrations, not validated predictions.